1977 - Geodetic Astronomy in the Next Decade - AR Robbins

 

Pada era pertengahan 1970-an bidang astronomi geodetik mendapat tempat di kalangan para profesional ukur. Sebuah artikel tulisan AR Robbins terbit dalam jurnal Survey Review pada 1977. Artikel bertajuk "Geodetic astronomy in the next decade". Artikel tersebut pada asalnya dibentang kepada Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, London.

Abstract artikel berkenaan:

The paper discusses methods of determining azimuth and geoid height, recent tests of the possibility of using Doppler observations to artificial satellites to replace azimuth observations, and recent tests of inertial surveying equipment. It also discusses future instrumentation. It concludes that, for most purposes, Laplace azimuth observation may well soon be superseded by satellite observations but that astro-geodetic levelling will remain the most accurate method of interpolating geoid height for many years to come.

Teodolit Wild T4 untuk kegunaan astronomi geodetik

(source - unimelb)

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Pengajian dut T2 bermula dan beberapa pelajar dut tahun pertama sesi lepas tidak lagi bersama. Ada yang mengulang semula pengajian T1 sepenuhnya dan ada juga yang gagal untuk menyambung pengajian kerana diberhentikan.

Pada tahun T2 subjek yang diikuti sudah menjurus sepenuhnya kepada ukur tanah. Antara subjek yang terlibat ialah ukur kejuruteraan, ukur kadaster, dan subjek ukur geodesi, astronomi dan juga ukur perhitungan. Subjek matematik masih ada dan kali ini diajar oleh Tuan Ramli Saleh. Beliau sangat istimewa datang ke kelas dengan membawa sebatang kapur tanpa nota tanpa kertas. Beliau boleh mengajar sejam dengan menconteng papan hitam  tanpa merujuk apa2 bahan mengajar. Hebat.

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Sejarah Malaysia Dan Dunia 1964 (3)

Antara perkembangan surveying yang berlaku di Canada sekitar 1964 adalah:

1964: Horizontal control for Crustal dynamics

Small geodetic networks were established to detect horizontal crustal motion, notably near Quebec City (photo), between opposite shores of the St. Lawrence River between Quebec City and Tadoussac, across the Strait of Georgia and across Robeson channel between northern Ellesmere Island and Greenland.

1964: Sea-surface gravimetry

A program of sea-surface gravity measurements was initiated by the Atlantic Geoscience Centre at Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. In this technique the gravimeter has to be mounted on a special gyro-stabilized platform designed to minimize the effects of the ship's motion on the gravity readings. During the next eighteen years some 295,000 sea-surface measurements would be made in this program alone, a major contribution to Canadian knowledge of gravity off the eastern and Arctic seaboards.

Source: nrcan - link.

Sea-surface Gravimetry

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Sejarah Malaysia dan Dunia 1964 (2)

Masih berada pada 1964. Antara perkembangan surveying di Amerika Syarikat adalah;

1964 Berlaku gempa bumi di Alaska. [Major response to Good Friday Alaska Earthquake].

1961-1976 Transcontinental Traverse (TCT) conducted to improve the scale of the network for the space program with an accuracy of 1:1,000,000

Source: ngs noaa - link.

Alaska Earthquake 1964

source: history dot com - link

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Sejarah Malaysia 1964 (1)

Catatan sejarah 1964.

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Penubuhan Parti Malaya (1956)

 

Malayan Parti merupakan sebuah parti untuk kaum Cina serpihan MCA. Parti tersebut ditubuh di Melaka pada 24 Okt 1956 oleh pengasasnya Tan Gee Gak. Parti Malaya mendapat dokongan dari the Federation of Chinese Guilds and Associations dan juga the Malacca Chinese Chamber of Commerce. Kedua-dua badan ini sememangnya di ketuai oleh Tan Gee Gak. Malayan Party ditubuhkan sebagai respon kepada kebimbangan kaum Cina terhadap pendirian Perikatan Umno-MCA kepada deraf perlembagaan yang sedang dirangka. Parti Malaya ditubuh bertepatan dengan tarikh Hari Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu sebagai menyata sokongan kepada Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Parti Malayan juga mendokong status Melaka sebagai sebuah crown colony, yang memberi kaum Cina lebih hak berbanding negeri-negeri Melayu.

Parti Malaya menyertai pilihan raya tempatan Melaka dan berjaya memenangi kerusi pada 1956, 1957 dan 1958. Parti tersebut gagal memenangi kerusi dalam pilihanraya peringkat negeri pada 1959. Namun begitu dalam pilihanraya perseketuan pada 1959 Parti Malaya berjaya menang kerusi Bandar Melaka yang ditandingi oleh Tan Gee Gak.

Parti Malaya dibubar pada March 1964 apabila Tan Gee Gak kembali semula menyertai MCA.

Boleh memuat tiga tetamu

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Sejarah Malaya 1956

 

Abang kedua lahir pada tahun 1956. Beberapa sejarah Malaya pada tahun tersebut adalah:

8 February – The Treaty of London 1956 was signed to set up the independent Federation of Malaya

20 February – Tunku Abdul Rahman announced in Malacca Town after he returned from London that Malaya would become independent on 31 August 1957.

March – The Rural and Industrial Development Authority (RIDA) Training Centre (Dewan Latihan RIDA) was established.

March – Reid Commission is established for drafting the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya .

22 June – Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka was established as Balai Pustaka in Johor Bahru.

22 June – Pipeline ambush. [ anz portal - link; wikia - link]

1 July – The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) was established.

24 October – Malayan Party was established by Tan Gee Gak.

22 November-8 December – Malaya competed for the first time in 1956 Olympic Games at Melbourne, Australia. 32 competitors, 31 men and 1 woman, took part in 13 events in 5 sports.

Unknown date – Catholic High School, Malaysia in Petaling Jaya is founded by Rev. Bro. Philippe Wu of the Marist Brothers.

mm

Level atas homestay Tokyo

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Sejarah Malaya Pada 1955

 

Sejarah yang masih diingat lazimnya adalah pada period memula alam persekolahan iaitu pada sekitar pertengahan 1960-an (tepatnya pada 1965). Itu pun dalam memori yang amat terbatas. Apa lagi untuk mengetahui apa yang berlaku pada tahun 1950-an. Kini amat mudah untuk kita memperolehi maklumat tentang apa saja termasuklah sejarah silam yang berlaku dalam negara. 

Berikut adalah beberapa sejarah yang berlaku pada tahun 1955 (wiki):

8 January – Sabak Bernam declared as a white area (free from the communist insurgency) during the Malayan Emergency.

12 January – Setapak High School was founded.

4 April – Sultan Alam Shah Islamic College was founded.

May – Malacca state declared as a white area (free from the communist insurgency) during the Malayan Emergency.

4–5 June – 1955 Thomas Cup. Malaya winner this edition defeated Denmark.

27 July – First General Elections in Malaya. Alliance Party (Parti Perikatan) won 51 parliament seats of 52.

9 August – Tunku Abdul Rahman formed the first Rahman cabinet after being invited to begin a new government following the 27 July general election

11 August – A Rhodesian soldier named Shaweleka Fungabelo killed six people and wounded at least twelve people on a mail train travelling from Kuala Lumpur to Singapore before committing suicide. [Baca - link].

11 November – The Malayan People's Party was formed.

27 November – A rally is held in Kuala Lumpur to urge CPM members to surrender and end the Malayan Emergency.

5 December – Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) is established.

Beberapa sejarah 1955 yang tanpa tarikh sebenar pula adalah:

 – Central Provident Fund is established.

 – The International School of Penang (Uplands) was founded.

 – Kolej Islam Malaya was established before change name to Universiti Islam Malaysia.

 – Ministry of Education (Malaysia) is formed.

 – YTL Corporation Berhad was founded by Yeoh Tiong Lay.

Bilik penginapan Air Putih, Kuantan

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