Balai Cerap di Malaysia

 

Beberapa Balai Cerap di Malaysia dibina untuk cerapam astronomi khususnya untuk tujuan Falak.

Balai Cerapan Putatan, Sabah

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Tesis Popularization of Astronomy in the Twentieth Century

 

Tesis "Public Skies: telescopes and the popularization of astronomy in the twentieth century" oleh Gary Leonard Cameron pada 2010. Tesis phd in History of Science and Technology, Iowa State Uni. Tebal 349 m/surat.

Kandungan:

Introduction; Perfecting a sharper image: the manufacture and marketing of telescope to the early 20th century; Rich-man's hobby: the state of amateur astronomy prior to 1920; Poor man's solution: amateur telescope making 1920-1940; War and a revolution: commercial telescope for the hobbyist 1940-1960; Other modes and models: popularization of astronomy in Europe and Japan; Conclusion.

Source - iowa 2010.

Sebuah rumah bot Kashmir

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Tesis History of Observatory - From Maragha to Mount Wilson

 

Tesis "History of the observatory as an institution: from Maragha to Mount Wilson" oleh Rihab Sawah pada 2011. Tesis MA in History, Uni of Missouri, St Louis. Tebal 106 m/surat.

Kandungan:

Introduction; Early history of observational astronomy; Transition One: Maragha Observatory - earliest model of the modern observatory; Transition Two: introduction of the telescope to the observatory; Transition Three: astronomy research as a science for the sake of science; Conclusions.

Source - uni of missouri 2011.

Tasik Dal, Kashmir

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Syarikat Ukur Industri Fertoing Russia

 

Syarikat Fertoing merupakan sebuah syarikat gergasi yang banyak melibat diri dengan ukur industri dan metrologi. Syarikat yang berpengkalan di St Petersburg telah melakukan berbagai projek ukur industri untuk berbegai aplikasi seperti perkapalan dan banyak lagi.

Senarai projek yang mereka kendalikan sejak 2002 boleh lihat di sini - geodetic.

Industri perkapalan (source - fertoing)

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Magazine Reporter Leica

 

Magazine Reporter memberi kita info tentang pemakaian dan perkembangan teknologi Leica dalam kerja survey. Isu yang boleh di muat turun adalah dari Reporter 79 (2014) hingga kini (2020).

Source - leica.

Reporter 88 (keluaran 2020)

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Perkembangan Geodesi Satelit 1958-1980

 

Seeber juga turut merumuskan sejarah perkembangan geodesi satelit sepanjang period awal penciptaan satelit iaitu dari 1958 sehingga period 1980-an.

1958 to around 1970.

Development of basic methods for satellite observations, and for the computation and analysis of satellite orbits. This phase is characterized by the optical-photographic determination of directions with cameras.  The main results were the determination of the leading harmonic coefficients of the geopotential, and the publication of the first Earth models, for instance the Standard Earth models of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO SE I to SAO SE III), and the Goddard Earth Models (GEM) of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. The only purely geometrical and worldwide satellite network was established by observations with BC4 cameras of the satellite PAGEOS.

1970 to around 1980.

Phase of the scientific projects. New observation techniques were developed and refined, in particular laser ranging to satellites and to the Moon, as well as satellite altimetry.  The TRANSIT system was used for geodetic Doppler positioning. Refined global geoid and coordinate determinations were carried out, and led to improved Earth models (e.g. GEM 10, GRIM). The increased accuracy of the observations made possible the measurement of geodynamical phenomena (Earth rotation, polar motion, crustal deformation). Doppler surveying was used worldwide for the installation and maintenance of geodetic control networks (e.g. EDOC, DÖDOC, ADOS). 

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Kerja, makan dan menonton TV

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Pencapai Geodesi Era Awal Satelit

 

Antara pencapaian geodesi yang terhasil dalam era awal penciptaan dan pelancaran satelit adalah;

1957 Launch of SPUTNIK-1,

1958 Earth’s Flattening from Satellite Data (f=1/298.3),

1958 Launch of EXPLORER-1,

1959 Third Zonal Harmonic (Pear Shape of Earth),

1959 Theory of the Motion of Artificial Satellites (Brouwer),

1960 Launch of TRANSIT-1B,

1960 Launch of ECHO-1,

1960 Theory of Satellite Orbits (Kaula),

1962 Launch of ANNA-1B, and

1962 Geodetic Connection between France and Algeria (IGN).

Pemandangan koridor di luar bilik penginapan

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Theory of the Motion of Artificial Satellite - Dirk Brouwer (1902-1966)

 

Dalam membincangkan tentang satelit dan pemakaiannya kepada geodesi satelit ada beberapa nama tokoh yang menyumbang kepada program pembangunan ini. Antara tokoh tersebut ialah Dirk Brouwer. Antara sumbangan besar ialah mengemukakan satu teori penting - Theory of the Motion of Artificial Satellites,  seperti mana di sebut oleh Seeber dalam m/surat 6 buku beliau, Satellite Geodesy. Brouwer mengenengahkan teori berkenaan melalui penerbitan beliau "Solution of the Problem of Artificial Satellite Theory Without Air Drag" Astronomical Journal, Vol. 64 pp. 378-397, 1959.

Brouwer memperolehi phd dari Leiden Uni pada 1927. Beliau mula berkhidmat  di Yale Uni pada 1928 hinggalah tempoh bersara. Beliau menerbit buku yang sangat influential "Methods of Celestial Mechanics" pada 1961.

Baca "Dirk Brouwer - Biographical memoir". National Academy of Science - link. 

Dirk Brouwer (source - prabook)

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Geodesi, Lunar Method dan Cosmic Geodesy

 

Sebelum muncul geodesi satelit geodesi pada period lampau bergantungan banyak kepada kaedah yang dipanggil lunar method. Kaedah Lunar membolehkan penyelesaian awal dalam menentukan saiz Bumi pada awal kurun ke-19. Penyelesaian tersebut didapatkan mengguna kaedah lunar serta berpandukan teori orbit. Selanjutnya, melaui inisiatif International Geophysical Year 1957/58, lahirlah pula pendekatan Cosmic Geodesy. Pendekatan CG dilaksana dengan munculnya teknologi cerapan menggunakan Dual Rate Moon Camera.

The geometrical approach in satellite geodesy also has some forerunners in the lunar methods. These methods have undergone comprehensive developments since the beginning of the last century. In this context, the Moon is regarded as a geometric target, where the geocentric coordinates are known from orbital theory. The directions between the observer and the Moon are determined from relative measurements of nearby stars, or from occultation of stars by the Moon. Geocentric coordinates are thereby received. 

Within the framework of the International Geophysical Year 1957/58 a first outcome from a global program was obtained with the Dual Rate Moon Camera, developed by Markovitz (1954). The methods of this so-called Cosmic Geodesy were treated comprehensively in 1960 by Berroth and Hofmann. They also form a considerable part of the classical book of Mueller (1964) “Introduction to Satellite Geodesy”. Further foundations to satellite geodesy before the year 1957 were given by the work of Väisälä (1946), Brouwer (1959), King-Hele (1958) and O’Keefe (1958). Therefore, it was possible to obtain important geodetic results very soon after the launch of the first rockets and satellites. One of the first outstanding results was the de-termination of Earth’s flattening as f=1/298.3 from observations of EXPLORER-1and SPUTNIK-2 by O’Keefe (1958), King-Hele, Merson (1958). 

Baca juga "Stellar triangulation" sebagai asas kepada cosmic geodesy - wiki.

[A. Berroth & W. Hofmann: Kosmische Geodäsie (Cosmic Geodesy) (356 p.), Karlsruhe 1960]

[Brouwer, Dirk, "Solution of the Problem of Artificial Satellite Theory Without Air Drag," Astronomical Journal, Vol. 64 pp. 378-397, 1959]

Ruang rehat dan bacaan

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